The speed, acceleration and force are vectors which have absolute value and direction. A tensor is a variable which was created once the concept of the vector had been extended. A three-dimensional vector has three components. A three-dimensional tensor has nine components.
The flexion caused by the three spaces + one time is described by a four-dimensional space. The tensor is called: metric tensor. It is used to measure distance in crooked spaces.
The great spatial extension, the shape and existence of the universe which surrounds us as well as the philosophical consequences of such recognition – have lead to considerable disputes in these days.
Max Planck (1858-1947) physician – with the words of the academic Károly Nagy – „opened a door to the worlds of quanta”, and became the key figure of the elaboration of the quantum theory. George Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), at the age of six, solved almost each mathematical problem. At the age of ten he was taught by university professors. At the age of 14, he invented the perpetual calendar. Then he created a complex mathematical theory where the elemental laws were the starting point, and they were transformed into the big general “plenum” – into a constantly filled space. His idea made possible to break through the then-current general mathematical views. A century later the revolution of physical sciences is based on his views. Reimann submitted his postgraduate thesis to Gauss in 1851, where the bases of his theory were the complex functions. He knew: to understand the physical world, we need to be fully aware of the concept of space. Space meant geometry for him. There are three types of geometry: Euclidian, hyperbolic or elliptical.
Riemann found that distance (or, with other words, metrics) is the characteristic of the space which needs to be examined. He generalized it to cases when the surface is not plane e.g. the generalization of the Pythagoras theorem; Riemann defined the actual distance with a function. Generally for the flexion of space, or even for a flexion which changes from point to point.
The black hole as information paradox
In the middle of a black hole, each law becomes void. Time stops in the middle of the universe. If we could roll back the film of the world’s creation, we would see that the universe comes from a white hole, from a space-time singularity.
The foregoers of substances are the protons, the electrons and neurons. The universe was not transparent at the beginning, because the photon radiation was absorbed, then emitted again. The universe became – 300,000 years later – transparent enough to allow the photons’ straight passing.
Alan Harvey Guth American physician and professor of cosmology examined the magnetic monopoles. Such particles only have one pole, unlike usual magnets which have two poles. According to physical theories, just a thing does exist, but nothing like that has ever been found yet. Having examined thousands of people, I came to the conclusion: the mathematical laws on bipolar and monopolar phenomena can be analogically recognized in the rules of the humans’ physical and wave-like bodies. Our physical bodies are subject to the rules of bipolarity, and our wave-natured bodies (energy, emotion, thought, connection, soul, spirit) are subject to the rules of monopolarity.
Opposites attract each other at physical level. See the typical behavior of magnets when opposite poles stick together. At the level of the soul and spirit, the situation is quite different; here the similar fields strengthen each other. Resonating energy fields attract each other, just like people of similar thinking.
Both the light and the humans have a twofold nature: substance and wave at the same time.
When photons escaped after the Big Bang, they started to become transparent. Photons started to move on straight paths and they have kept this characteristic feature since then. Owing to the Doppler-effect, such photons have lost energy. Their present energy level – and so their wavelength – can be calculated. The stars, galaxies and galaxy aggregations came presumably into existence during the Big Bang, when there were energy disharmonies in the universe.
As a result, there is a relative abundance of chemical elements. Space does not only expand, but accelerates, and something pushes it outwards. According to the quantum physics, it is space vacuum.
This vacuum is full of energy. It is like a compressed spring, which is full of energy and wants to expand. In the realm of quanta, the answers given to the questions are not exact numbers, but probability distributions. The quantum theory has led scientists to discover substance particles, that were unknown before. In the early 20th century, only the proton, the neuron and the electron were known. Then the new radioactive breakdown was discovered while the neuron releases an electron and a proton. Based on Wolfgang Pauli’s assumption (1930), a still-unknown particle has to evolve during the reaction. A year later Enrico Fermi named this shot particle neutrino (small neuron). He thought that this particle was responsible for the lacking energy after a radioactive breakdown. American physician and Nobel laureate Frederick Reines, and the United State of America’s Air Force Captain Clyde Lorrain Cowan discovered in 1956 that the nuclear reactor near River Savannah emits neutrinos. They received a Nobel Prize for their discovery in 1995 (Cowan only posthumously). Neutrinos were deemed to be particles without charge and weight until 1998. No one has measured the neutrinos’ weight until then.
András Kovács – Magyar in San Francisco
Nuclear reactions
The energy of stars comes from nuclear reactions. When stars explode, they release huge quantities of energy and release neutrinos which may also penetrate the earth. Neutrinos from extraterrestrial sources were discovered in 1965. Under Fred Reines’ control, a neutrino with new characteristics was found (in a South American gold mine), it was called the muon neutrino.
Neutrinos of such characteristics were observed as the side-products of nuclear reactions in the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The tau particle was discovered in the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. This was the third-type of neutrinos. Neutrinos have the unbelievable characteristics that they are able to change their shape. This phenomenon is called neutrino oscillation. So an electron-neutrino may change into a muon neutrino, or into a tau neutrino.
A supernova explosion could be observed in the Large Magellanic Cloud from the Southern Hemisphere in 1987 and neutrinos were found also there. So the neutrinos had to pass through the Earth to get into the sensors. In 1998 it was declared that neutrinos do have weight. This declaration has changed the prior opinion about substance and about the density and formation of the Universe.
As I have mentioned before, the electron-type neutrino becomes a muon neutrino, or a tau neutrino. According to the quantum theory, only a particle, which has weight, is able to do so. Although it could not been measured yet, a part of the weight, missing from the Universe, has actually been found. What is this weight? There are empty space bubbles among the galaxy aggregates.
The Northern Hemisphere’s sky map, produced by Margaret Geller, shows 6,000 galaxies and its scope contains 650 million light years.
While examining the forces, which hold the galaxies together, scientists found a mystery. The visible substance seemed to be less than the quantity, based on the calculations, necessary to keep the galaxy together.
They could only come to the conclusion that the galaxies were impregnated with some invisible substance which gave the substantial part, i.e. 90% of the galaxies’ weight. This mysterious, invisible, but present substance was called “dark substance”. This substance is virtually unknown to the science yet. It consists of non-baryonic particles, i.e. not of atoms or subatomic particles, but of something we have not seen yet. This is perhaps one of astronomy’s biggest mysteries. The key to cosmology is the substance’s characteristics. And the invisible energies and information fields.
If the weight of the universe is lower than the critical value, nothing stops the expansion. If it is higher, the universe, due to gravitation, may collapse. The “big crack” may occur. According to Einstein, there is an unknown force which works against gravitation.
Vacuum the strange energy
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A flat Universe expands slowly or quickly. But what happens if there is something in the Universe which affects its expansion. This “something” is an invisible, strange energy in space which we do not feel, nor perceive; still it affects the space-time fabric. The fate of the Universe depends exclusively on this strange energy.
In 1998 Saul Perlmutter reported on a supernova in his Supernova Cosmology Project. After many years of observation, scientists found that there was some huge force in the universe, some force science had not experienced before. A fantastic thing was proved: there is not enough weight in the universe to support any of the weight-based theories. This invisible force pushes everything away from one another quicker and quicker. The universe’s density is only 20% of the density which would stop the speed of the expansion.
According to William Press, this “strange energy” should be understood as if Nature had lined a fifth force up, though this force has never been experienced by anyone yet. There is some negative pressure in the vacuum which is unknown to the science yet. This “strange energy” in the Universe is some mysterious natural force which continuously expands space.
Paul Steinhard, professor of Princeton University and Harvard University, and ‘father’ of an alterative model called this “strange energy” quintessence, after Aristotle’s fifth natural element. The first four forces known to the physicians are: gravitation, electro-magnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Quintessence, which has never been experienced by anyone yet, becomes the fifth force. This mystery keeps cosmologists occupied in these days.
There is one negative pressure in the Universe, it is called allegorically P <1. They do not know if it is a bend, a quintessence or anything else, but it affects the physical phenomena.
Quasars, the quasi star-like objects, emit huge radio energies, which astronomers are able to detect. Electrons differ from quarks. According to particle physicians, electrons differ from quarks, and, as a result, symmetry is broken when they are created. Scientists were facing the problem that the value of density became somehow negative. In 1995 a new theory was created: the superstring theory. It works with eleven dimensions instead of space-time’s four dimensions; the equations of the superstring theory, which model the Universe, are using eleven dimensions. The behavior of the four-dimensional geometry is: deviant, i.e. unusual.
Einstein used to say: “We are getting closer to God”. Physicians dream of a unified space theory which describes all the forces of Nature, and which we only understand as higher geometric and topologic abstractions in these days. Today the image of our universe is elaborated by the mathematicians, applied by the physicians, confirmed by the astronomers, who also support them with obvious data, and drawn by cosmologists.
If each science would support the development of other sciences, we could probably understand the laws of Nature more easily. And Nature’s wonderful mystery, God’s equation: the matrix.
